diff --git a/components/app-image-viewer/AppImageViewer.vue b/components/app-image-viewer/AppImageViewer.vue
index 5f69864..1849592 100644
--- a/components/app-image-viewer/AppImageViewer.vue
+++ b/components/app-image-viewer/AppImageViewer.vue
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { ref, watch } from 'vue';
+import { ref } from 'vue';
 import {
   type AppImageInfo,
   SPI_FLASH_MODE_NAMES, SPI_FLASH_SPEED_NAMES, SPI_FLASH_SIZE_NAMES,
   parseAppImage,
 } from '../../lib/app-image';
+import { computeFieldRanges, type FieldGroup } from '../../lib/app-image/ranges';
+import HexDump from './HexDump.vue';
+import HexFieldPanel from './HexFieldPanel.vue';
 
 const props = defineProps<{
   isDark?: boolean;
 }>();
 
 const imageInfo = ref<AppImageInfo | null>(null);
+const rawData = ref<Uint8Array | null>(null);
+const showHex = ref(false);
 const statusMessage = ref('');
 const statusType = ref<'success' | 'error' | 'info'>('info');
 const fileName = ref('');
+const fieldGroups = ref<FieldGroup[]>([]);
+const activeRange = ref<{ start: number; end: number } | null>(null);
+const hexDumpRef = ref<InstanceType<typeof HexDump> | null>(null);
 
 let statusTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
 
@@ -44,6 +52,27 @@ function formatSha256(data: Uint8Array): string {
   return Array.from(data).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
 }
 
+function onByteHover(offset: number | null) {
+  if (offset === null) { activeRange.value = null; return; }
+  // Pass 1: named field match (checked across all groups first)
+  for (const g of fieldGroups.value) {
+    const f = g.fields.find(f => offset >= f.start && offset < f.end);
+    if (f) { activeRange.value = { start: f.start, end: f.end }; return; }
+  }
+  // Pass 2: data-only group (segment data blobs)
+  for (const g of fieldGroups.value) {
+    if (g.fields.length === 0 && offset >= g.start && offset < g.end) {
+      activeRange.value = { start: g.start, end: g.end }; return;
+    }
+  }
+  activeRange.value = null;
+}
+
+function onFieldSelect(range: { start: number; end: number }) {
+  activeRange.value = range;
+  hexDumpRef.value?.scrollTo(range.start);
+}
+
 async function handleOpenFile(file: File): Promise<false> {
   try {
     const buffer = await file.arrayBuffer();
@@ -53,6 +82,10 @@ async function handleOpenFile(file: File): Promise<false> {
       throw new Error('ELF 格式不支持。请使用 esptool.py elf2image 将其转换为 .bin 文件');
     }
     imageInfo.value = parseAppImage(data);
+    rawData.value = data;
+    fieldGroups.value = computeFieldRanges(data, imageInfo.value);
+    activeRange.value = null;
+    showHex.value = false;
     fileName.value = file.name;
     showStatus(`已加载 ${file.name} (${data.byteLength} 字节)`, 'success');
   } catch (e: any) {
@@ -117,7 +150,13 @@ async function handleOpenFile(file: File): Promise<false> {
         <el-descriptions-item label="SPI引脚驱动">{{ imageInfo.extendedHeader.spiPinDrv.map(formatHex).join(' / ') }}</el-descriptions-item>
         <el-descriptions-item label="最小芯片版本">{{ imageInfo.extendedHeader.minChipRevFull / 100 }}</el-descriptions-item>
         <el-descriptions-item label="最大芯片版本">{{ imageInfo.extendedHeader.maxChipRevFull === 0xFFFF ? '不限' : imageInfo.extendedHeader.maxChipRevFull / 100 }}</el-descriptions-item>
-        <el-descriptions-item label="附加哈希">{{ imageInfo.extendedHeader.hashAppended ? '是' : '否' }}</el-descriptions-item>
+        <el-descriptions-item label="附加哈希" :span="imageInfo.extendedHeader.hashAppended ? 2 : 1">
+          {{ imageInfo.extendedHeader.hashAppended ? '是' : '否' }}
+          <el-text v-if="imageInfo.extendedHeader.hashAppended && rawData"
+                   size="small" class="font-mono" style="margin-left:8px">
+            {{ formatSha256(rawData.slice(-32)) }}
+          </el-text>
+        </el-descriptions-item>
       </el-descriptions>
 
       <!-- Segments -->
@@ -134,13 +173,28 @@ async function handleOpenFile(file: File): Promise<false> {
         </el-table-column>
       </el-table>
 
-      <!-- Custom App Description (raw bytes) -->
-      <template v-if="imageInfo.customDescRawBytes && !imageInfo.customDescRawBytes.every(b => b === 0)">
-        <el-text tag="b" class="block mb-2">自定义应用描述（偏移 288 B，原始字节）</el-text>
-        <el-text size="small" class="font-mono break-all">
-          {{ formatHexDump(imageInfo.customDescRawBytes) }}
-        </el-text>
-      </template>
+      <!-- Hex dump -->
+      <div class="mt-3">
+        <el-button size="small" @click="showHex = !showHex">
+          {{ showHex ? '隐藏原始字节' : '查看原始字节' }}
+        </el-button>
+        <template v-if="showHex && rawData">
+          <HexFieldPanel
+            :groups="fieldGroups"
+            :activeRange="activeRange"
+            class="mt-2"
+            @select="onFieldSelect"
+          />
+          <HexDump
+            ref="hexDumpRef"
+            :data="rawData"
+            :height="400"
+            :highlight="activeRange"
+            class="mt-1"
+            @byte-hover="onByteHover"
+          />
+        </template>
+      </div>
     </template>
 
     <el-empty v-else description="请打开一个ESP32固件文件 (.bin)" />
diff --git a/components/app-image-viewer/HexDump.vue b/components/app-image-viewer/HexDump.vue
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e0dece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/app-image-viewer/HexDump.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
+
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
+  data: Uint8Array
+  height?: number
+  highlight?: { start: number; end: number } | null
+}>(), { height: 400, highlight: null })
+
+const emit = defineEmits<{
+  'byte-hover': [offset: number | null]
+}>()
+
+const BYTES = 16
+const ROW_H = 20
+
+const wrapEl = ref<HTMLElement | null>(null)
+const scrollTop = ref(0)
+
+const totalRows = computed(() => Math.ceil(props.data.length / BYTES))
+const firstRow  = computed(() => Math.floor(scrollTop.value / ROW_H))
+const lastRow   = computed(() => Math.min(firstRow.value + Math.ceil(props.height / ROW_H) + 4, totalRows.value))
+
+const rows = computed(() => {
+  const out = []
+  for (let r = firstRow.value; r < lastRow.value; r++) {
+    const off = r * BYTES
+    const slice = props.data.subarray(off, off + BYTES)
+    const hex = Array.from(slice).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+    const asc = Array.from(slice).map(b => (b >= 0x20 && b < 0x7f) ? String.fromCharCode(b) : '.')
+    out.push({ off, hex, asc })
+  }
+  return out
+})
+
+function isHi(offset: number): boolean {
+  return props.highlight != null
+    && offset >= props.highlight.start
+    && offset < props.highlight.end
+}
+
+function onScroll(e: Event) {
+  scrollTop.value = (e.target as HTMLElement).scrollTop
+}
+
+defineExpose({
+  scrollTo(offset: number) {
+    const row = Math.floor(offset / BYTES)
+    wrapEl.value?.scrollTo({ top: row * ROW_H, behavior: 'smooth' })
+  },
+})
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div ref="wrapEl" class="hd-wrap" :style="{ height: height + 'px' }" @scroll="onScroll">
+    <div :style="{ height: totalRows * ROW_H + 'px', position: 'relative' }">
+      <div :style="{ transform: `translateY(${firstRow * ROW_H}px)` }">
+        <div v-for="row in rows" :key="row.off" class="hd-row">
+          <span class="hd-off">{{ row.off.toString(16).padStart(8, '0') }}</span>
+
+          <span class="hd-hex">
+            <span
+              v-for="(h, bi) in row.hex"
+              :key="bi"
+              :class="['hd-byte', { 'hd-byte-hi': isHi(row.off + bi) }, bi === 8 ? 'hd-byte-gap' : '']"
+              @mouseenter="emit('byte-hover', row.off + bi)"
+              @mouseleave="emit('byte-hover', null)"
+            >{{ h }}</span>
+          </span>
+
+          <span class="hd-asc">|<span
+            v-for="(a, bi) in row.asc"
+            :key="bi"
+            :class="['hd-asc-char', { 'hd-byte-hi': isHi(row.off + bi) }]"
+            @mouseenter="emit('byte-hover', row.off + bi)"
+            @mouseleave="emit('byte-hover', null)"
+          >{{ a }}</span>|</span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.hd-wrap {
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--el-border-color);
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  background: var(--el-fill-color-blank);
+}
+.hd-row {
+  display: flex;
+  height: 20px;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+  padding: 0 8px;
+}
+.hd-row:hover {
+  background: var(--el-fill-color-light);
+}
+.hd-off {
+  color: var(--el-text-color-placeholder);
+  min-width: 6em;
+  user-select: none;
+}
+.hd-hex {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  color: var(--el-text-color-primary);
+}
+.hd-byte {
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 3ch;
+  cursor: default;
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+/* Extra left margin to create the double-space gap between the two groups of 8 */
+.hd-byte-gap {
+  margin-left: 1ch;
+}
+.hd-byte-hi {
+  background: var(--el-color-primary-light-7);
+  color: var(--el-color-primary);
+}
+.hd-asc {
+  color: var(--el-text-color-secondary);
+}
+.hd-asc-char {
+  display: inline-block;
+  width: 1ch;
+  cursor: default;
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+</style>
diff --git a/components/app-image-viewer/HexFieldPanel.vue b/components/app-image-viewer/HexFieldPanel.vue
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99a8c7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/app-image-viewer/HexFieldPanel.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { ref } from 'vue'
+import type { FieldGroup } from '../../lib/app-image/ranges'
+
+const props = defineProps<{
+  groups: FieldGroup[]
+  activeRange: { start: number; end: number } | null
+}>()
+
+const emit = defineEmits<{
+  select: [range: { start: number; end: number }]
+}>()
+
+const collapsed = ref<Set<number>>(new Set())
+
+function toggle(i: number) {
+  if (collapsed.value.has(i)) collapsed.value.delete(i)
+  else collapsed.value.add(i)
+  // trigger reactivity
+  collapsed.value = new Set(collapsed.value)
+}
+
+function isGroupActive(g: FieldGroup): boolean {
+  if (!props.activeRange) return false
+  return props.activeRange.start >= g.start && props.activeRange.end <= g.end
+}
+
+function isFieldActive(start: number, end: number): boolean {
+  if (!props.activeRange) return false
+  return props.activeRange.start === start && props.activeRange.end === end
+}
+
+function selectGroup(g: FieldGroup) {
+  emit('select', { start: g.start, end: g.end })
+}
+
+function selectField(start: number, end: number) {
+  emit('select', { start, end })
+}
+
+function fmtRange(start: number, end: number): string {
+  if (end - start === 1) return start.toString(16).padStart(8, '0')
+  return `${start.toString(16).padStart(8, '0')}–${(end - 1).toString(16).padStart(8, '0')}`
+}
+
+</script>
+
+<template>
+  <div class="hfp-wrap">
+    <!-- Group list -->
+    <div class="hfp-groups">
+      <div v-for="(g, gi) in groups" :key="gi" class="hfp-group">
+        <!-- Group header row -->
+        <div
+          class="hfp-group-hdr"
+          :class="{ 'hfp-row-active': isGroupActive(g) && g.fields.length === 0 }"
+          @click="g.fields.length ? toggle(gi) : selectGroup(g)"
+        >
+          <span class="hfp-arrow" v-if="g.fields.length">{{ collapsed.has(gi) ? '▶' : '▼' }}</span>
+          <span class="hfp-arrow" v-else>◇</span>
+          <span class="hfp-group-label">{{ g.label }}</span>
+          <span class="hfp-mono hfp-range">{{ fmtRange(g.start, g.end) }}</span>
+        </div>
+
+        <!-- Field rows -->
+        <template v-if="!collapsed.has(gi) && g.fields.length">
+          <div
+            v-for="(f, fi) in g.fields"
+            :key="fi"
+            class="hfp-field-row"
+            :class="{ 'hfp-row-active': isFieldActive(f.start, f.end) }"
+            @click="selectField(f.start, f.end)"
+          >
+            <span class="hfp-field-label">{{ f.label }}</span>
+            <span class="hfp-mono hfp-range">{{ fmtRange(f.start, f.end) }}</span>
+            <span class="hfp-mono hfp-value">{{ f.value }}</span>
+          </div>
+        </template>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<style scoped>
+.hfp-wrap {
+  border: 1px solid var(--el-border-color);
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  background: var(--el-fill-color-blank);
+  overflow: hidden;
+  font-size: 12px;
+}
+
+.hfp-groups {
+  max-height: 180px;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+}
+
+.hfp-group-hdr {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 2px 8px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  user-select: none;
+  background: var(--el-fill-color-light);
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--el-border-color-lighter);
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--el-text-color-regular);
+}
+.hfp-group-hdr:hover {
+  background: var(--el-fill-color);
+}
+
+.hfp-field-row {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 1px 8px 1px 22px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  user-select: none;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--el-border-color-extra-light);
+}
+.hfp-field-row:hover {
+  background: var(--el-fill-color-light);
+}
+
+.hfp-row-active,
+.hfp-row-active:hover {
+  background: var(--el-color-primary-light-8) !important;
+  color: var(--el-color-primary);
+}
+
+.hfp-arrow {
+  width: 12px;
+  font-size: 10px;
+  color: var(--el-text-color-placeholder);
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
+.hfp-group-label,
+.hfp-field-label {
+  flex: 1;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+}
+
+.hfp-mono {
+  font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
+.hfp-range {
+  color: var(--el-text-color-placeholder);
+  min-width: 9em;
+  text-align: right;
+}
+
+.hfp-value {
+  color: var(--el-text-color-secondary);
+  min-width: 8em;
+  max-width: 18em;
+  text-align: right;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+}
+</style>
diff --git a/components/esp-flasher/EspFlasher.vue b/components/esp-flasher/EspFlasher.vue
index 499a91a..1307a11 100644
--- a/components/esp-flasher/EspFlasher.vue
+++ b/components/esp-flasher/EspFlasher.vue
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ const props = defineProps({
     },
   },
   isDark: Boolean,
+  disableFirmwareSelect: { type: Boolean, default: false },
 });
 
 // ── State ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -485,11 +486,11 @@ async function reset() {
     <div v-show="serialSupported">
       <el-tabs>
         <el-tab-pane label="烧录" :disabled="consoleStarted">
-          <el-alert v-if="imageOptions.length === 0" type="warning" class="mb-4" show-icon :closable="false">
+          <el-alert v-if="imageOptions.length === 0 && !disableFirmwareSelect" type="warning" class="mb-4" show-icon :closable="false">
             未配置固件选项，无法烧录。
           </el-alert>
           <el-form label-width="auto">
-            <el-form-item v-if="imageOptions.length > 1" label="固件">
+            <el-form-item v-if="imageOptions.length > 1 && !disableFirmwareSelect" label="固件">
               <client-only>
                 <el-select
                     v-model="imageSelect"
diff --git a/lib/app-image/index.ts b/lib/app-image/index.ts
index 8f44b64..3fdb22b 100644
--- a/lib/app-image/index.ts
+++ b/lib/app-image/index.ts
@@ -18,3 +18,7 @@ export {
 
 // Parser
 export { parseAppImage } from './parser';
+
+// Ranges (field ↔ hex highlighting)
+export { computeFieldRanges } from './ranges';
+export type { FieldDef, FieldGroup } from './ranges';
diff --git a/lib/app-image/ranges.ts b/lib/app-image/ranges.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e23e0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/app-image/ranges.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import { readU32 } from '../shared/binary-reader';
+import {
+  IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE, EXTENDED_HEADER_SIZE, SEGMENT_HEADER_SIZE,
+  APP_DESC_MAGIC, APP_DESC_SIZE,
+} from './constants';
+import {
+  SPI_FLASH_MODE_NAMES, SPI_FLASH_SPEED_NAMES, SPI_FLASH_SIZE_NAMES,
+} from './types';
+import type { AppImageInfo } from './types';
+
+export interface FieldDef {
+  label: string;
+  start: number;
+  end: number;    // exclusive
+  value: string;
+}
+
+export interface FieldGroup {
+  label: string;
+  start: number;
+  end: number;    // exclusive
+  fields: FieldDef[];
+}
+
+function h(n: number, pad = 2): string {
+  return '0x' + n.toString(16).toUpperCase().padStart(pad, '0');
+}
+
+export function computeFieldRanges(data: Uint8Array, info: AppImageInfo): FieldGroup[] {
+  const groups: FieldGroup[] = [];
+
+  // ── Image Header (bytes 0–7) ──
+  const spiSpeedSize = data[3];
+  groups.push({
+    label: '镜像头 (Image Header)',
+    start: 0,
+    end: IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE,
+    fields: [
+      { label: 'magic',        start: 0, end: 1, value: h(info.header.magic) },
+      { label: 'segmentCount', start: 1, end: 2, value: String(info.header.segmentCount) },
+      { label: 'spiMode',      start: 2, end: 3, value: SPI_FLASH_MODE_NAMES[info.header.spiMode] ?? h(info.header.spiMode) },
+      {
+        label: 'spiSpeed / spiSize',
+        start: 3,
+        end: 4,
+        value: `${SPI_FLASH_SPEED_NAMES[info.header.spiSpeed] ?? h(spiSpeedSize & 0x0F)} / ${SPI_FLASH_SIZE_NAMES[info.header.spiSize] ?? h((spiSpeedSize >> 4) & 0x0F)}`,
+      },
+      { label: 'entryPoint', start: 4, end: 8, value: h(info.header.entryPoint, 8) },
+    ],
+  });
+
+  // ── Extended Header (bytes 8–23) ──
+  const extOff = IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE;
+  groups.push({
+    label: '扩展头 (Extended Header)',
+    start: extOff,
+    end: extOff + EXTENDED_HEADER_SIZE,
+    fields: [
+      { label: 'wpPin',         start: extOff,      end: extOff + 1,  value: h(info.extendedHeader.wpPin) },
+      { label: 'spiPinDrv[0]', start: extOff + 1,  end: extOff + 2,  value: h(info.extendedHeader.spiPinDrv[0]) },
+      { label: 'spiPinDrv[1]', start: extOff + 2,  end: extOff + 3,  value: h(info.extendedHeader.spiPinDrv[1]) },
+      { label: 'spiPinDrv[2]', start: extOff + 3,  end: extOff + 4,  value: h(info.extendedHeader.spiPinDrv[2]) },
+      { label: 'chipId',        start: extOff + 4,  end: extOff + 6,  value: `${h(info.extendedHeader.chipId, 4)} (${info.chipName})` },
+      { label: 'minChipRev',    start: extOff + 6,  end: extOff + 7,  value: h(info.extendedHeader.minChipRev) },
+      { label: 'minChipRevFull',start: extOff + 7,  end: extOff + 9,  value: String(info.extendedHeader.minChipRevFull / 100) },
+      { label: 'maxChipRevFull',start: extOff + 9,  end: extOff + 11, value: info.extendedHeader.maxChipRevFull === 0xFFFF ? '不限' : String(info.extendedHeader.maxChipRevFull / 100) },
+      { label: 'reserved',      start: extOff + 11, end: extOff + 15, value: '(reserved)' },
+      { label: 'hashAppended',  start: extOff + 15, end: extOff + 16, value: info.extendedHeader.hashAppended ? '是' : '否' },
+    ],
+  });
+
+  // ── Segments ──
+  let segOff = IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE + EXTENDED_HEADER_SIZE;
+  for (let i = 0; i < info.segments.length; i++) {
+    const seg = info.segments[i];
+    const hdrEnd = segOff + SEGMENT_HEADER_SIZE;
+    const dataEnd = hdrEnd + seg.dataLen;
+
+    groups.push({
+      label: `段 ${i} 头 (Segment ${i} Header)`,
+      start: segOff,
+      end: hdrEnd,
+      fields: [
+        { label: 'loadAddr', start: segOff,     end: segOff + 4, value: h(seg.loadAddr, 8) },
+        { label: 'dataLen',  start: segOff + 4, end: hdrEnd,     value: `${seg.dataLen} 字节` },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    groups.push({
+      label: `段 ${i} 数据 (Segment ${i} Data)`,
+      start: hdrEnd,
+      end: dataEnd,
+      fields: [],
+    });
+
+    segOff = dataEnd;
+  }
+
+  // ── App Description — walk segments to find the offset ──
+  if (info.appDescription) {
+    let appDescOff: number | null = null;
+    let scanOff = IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE + EXTENDED_HEADER_SIZE;
+    for (const seg of info.segments) {
+      const dataOff = scanOff + SEGMENT_HEADER_SIZE;
+      if (dataOff + 4 <= data.length && readU32(data, dataOff) === APP_DESC_MAGIC) {
+        appDescOff = dataOff;
+        break;
+      }
+      scanOff = dataOff + seg.dataLen;
+    }
+
+    if (appDescOff !== null) {
+      const o = appDescOff;
+      const d = info.appDescription;
+      groups.push({
+        label: '应用信息 (App Description)',
+        start: o,
+        end: o + APP_DESC_SIZE,
+        fields: [
+          { label: 'magicWord',     start: o,       end: o + 4,   value: h(d.magicWord, 8) },
+          { label: 'secureVersion', start: o + 4,   end: o + 8,   value: String(d.secureVersion) },
+          { label: 'version',       start: o + 16,  end: o + 48,  value: d.version },
+          { label: 'projectName',   start: o + 48,  end: o + 80,  value: d.projectName },
+          { label: 'compileTime',   start: o + 80,  end: o + 96,  value: d.compileTime },
+          { label: 'compileDate',   start: o + 96,  end: o + 112, value: d.compileDate },
+          { label: 'idfVersion',    start: o + 112, end: o + 144, value: d.idfVersion },
+          { label: 'appElfSha256',  start: o + 144, end: o + 176, value: Array.from(d.appElfSha256).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('') },
+        ],
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ── Appended SHA256 ──
+  if (info.extendedHeader.hashAppended && data.length >= 32) {
+    groups.push({
+      label: '附加 SHA256 (Appended Hash)',
+      start: data.length - 32,
+      end: data.length,
+      fields: [
+        {
+          label: 'sha256',
+          start: data.length - 32,
+          end: data.length,
+          value: Array.from(data.slice(-32)).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join(''),
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+  }
+
+  return groups;
+}